Thinking Activity : Indian Poetics
INDIAN POETICS & AESTHETICS
Meaning of Aesthetics :
सौंदर्य , सौंदर्य सिद्धांत , सौंदर्य बोध ,सौंदर्यात्मक, सौंदर्यबोध संपन्न , सौंदर्यशास सबंधी , सौंदर्य प्रेमी ।
Beauty of Art .
That arm chair is comfortable but not very aesthetic.
There Furniture was more aesthetic than practical.
Aesthetic is used for beauty and art for the appreciation of beautiful things.
Indian aesthetic is earlier than western aesthetics. Indian aesthetics , encompasses various elements such as literature , visual Art , performing arts and more.
• Discuss about various schools of Indian Poetics & Aesthetics
• Rasa Theory by Bharat
• Dhavni Theory by Anandvardhan
• Vakrokti Theory by kuntaka
• Alankara Theory by Bhamaha
• Riti Theroy by Vaman
• Auchitya Theory by Kshemendra
The Theory of rasa is describe in detail blog and this link given as belowed mentioned 👇🏻
Indian Poetics : Rasa Theory Click here
• DHAVNI Theroy by Anandvardhan
Anandvardhana = Dhvanyaloka
The Dhvani Siddhanta builds upon earlier discussions on aesthetic experience found in works like "Rasa Siddhänta" and "Alaňkāra-śästra. :
The literal meaning of Dhvani is 'reverberatior or 'suggestion'.
The meaning of a word or a sentence is understood by the use of its last symbol.
Ex. Oh! - The pressure put on 'h' will be different in happiness and when you are sad.
Dhvani is the "soul of poetry.
When the poet writes," said Anandavardhana, "he creates a resonant field of emotions. To understand the poetry, the reader or hearer must be on the same "wavelength." The method requires sensitivity on the parts the writer and the reader.
Example : The Moon
The Moon looked like a pancake And the hill looked hungry
Describing the hills as hungry adds to the personification, implying a longing or desire for something, which in this context could be the Moon itself, emphasizing the surreal and playful nature of the scene.
There are Three aspects of Dhavni :
• VAKROKTI Theory by Kuntaka
Kuntak was a kashmiri sanskriti poetician and literary theorist. He is best known for his work titled " vakrokti jivika " .which is also known as vakrokti Theory.
Vakrokti, emanating from the creative faculty of the endows poetic language with strikingness [Vaicitrya] and causes aesthetic delight to the reader.
Etymologically, the word Vakrokti consists of components - 'vakra' and 'ukti'. Vakra means 'crooked indirect or unique' and ukti means 'poetic expression or speech'.
यथातत्वं विवेच्यन्ते भवास्तैलोक्यवतिनं:। यदि तन्नादुतं नाम दैवरक्ता हि किंशुका:।।
Vakrokti, which emphasizes indirect or twisted expressions to convey deeper meanings. In this context, the comparison of discerning truth to extracting oil from sesame seeds and the mention of the Mimosa tree's sap suggest that understanding truth requires careful examination and interpretation, akin to extracting valuable substances from seemingly ordinary sources.
Example :
- હું શું કહી શકું જે મેં આજે કહ્યું નથી.
- ગઢ ને હોંકારો તો કાગરોય દેશે , પણ ગઢ માં હોંકારો કોણ દેશે ?
- વહુ એ વગોયા મોટા ખોરડા રે લોલ
Vakrokti can be divided in six categories:
Phonetic figurativeness ( વર્ણવિન્યાસ વક્રતા)
Lexical figurativeness ( પદ પૂર્વાર્ધ વક્રતા )
Grammatical figurativeness ( પ્રત્યાયા વક્રતા)
Sentential figurativeness ( વાક્ય વક્રતા )
Episodic figurativeness ( પ્રકરણા વક્રતા )
Compositional figurativeness ( પ્રબંધા વક્રતા )
• ALANKARA Theory by Bhamaha
Alankara refers to "the figures of speech" The word alankara stands for a thing of beauty. The rhetoricians deal with the alankaras in detail and the poet use them profusely in their works.
Alankara has an ancient origin. The alankara is the earliest and most sustained school which studies literary language and assumes that the focus of literariness is in the figure of speech in the mode of expression in the grammatical accuracy and pleasantness of sound.
Bhamaha is the first alankara poetician. In Kavyalankara he described 35 figures of speech. Many other critics also continue this tradition and they were Dandi, Udbhata,Rudrata and Vamana.
Many critics also said that we can use figure of speech but it must be used in limited way otherwise it may happen that the work of art will lose its charm. appy
The categories of alamkara have been classifed by different poetician into different kind. Rudrata divides it into two types those based on phonetic form its called sabdalamkara and those who based on meaning its called Arthalamkara.
Bhoja also divided it into
seven parts,
1. Sadrasya(Similarity)
Нарру
3. Srnkhalabadha (chain bound)
Literature
4. TarkaNyaya(Reasoning logic)
2. Virodha(Opposition)
5. Lokanyaya(popular logic)
6. Kavyanyaya (logic of poetry)
7. Gudharthapratiti.(interference of
meaning)
Mamat give 24 types of upma alankara in sahitya darpan 96 types upma by vishvanath.
Main two types of Alankara
1. Shabdalankar (શબ્દાલંકાર):
Shabdalankar it came from two word shabdh( word ) + Alankar ( ornaments ) certain specifice words that create an ornamental effect in verse .
Example : જવાની તો જવાની છે.
- નોકરી તો નો કરી જેવી છે.
- મેં અખાડા માં જવના ઘણીવાર અખાડા કર્યો.
2. Arthalankar (અર્થઅલંકાર) :
Arthalankat it came from two word Artha( meaning) + Alankar ( ornments) The meaning of words that creates that required enhancement .
Example: મહુડા માયા ઉતરતા યોગી જેવા લાગે છે.
- શિશુ સમાન ગની સહદેવ ને .
- ખોબા જેવડા ગુલાબ લાલચાવતા હતા.
That both are essential components for effective communication and aesthetic appreciation, with shabda focusing on linguistic aspects like rhythm and sound, while artha emphasizes the significance and depth of meaning conveyed.
• RITI Theory by Vaman
Vamana = kavyalamkara- sutra
रीतिरात्मा काव्यस्य; विशिष्टापदरचना रीति:।
Riti means style and method
Rīti siddhanta (theory of style) of Vaman (8th century) is also based on three types of styles of the creative use of language.To sum up, riti (style) mainly depends upon the fact that the meaning of kavya (poetry) .riti is imparted in consonance with rasa (sentiment) The rīti is not, like the style, as it is generally understood by Western Critics but as literary excellence.
• AUCHITYA Theory by Kshemendra
Kshemendra = Auchityavicara
उचितं प्राहुराचायॉ: सदृशं किल यस्य यत ।। उचितस्य च यो भावत्स्यदैचित्य प्रचक्षते ।।
Aucitya is often translated as propriety,decorum, or appropriateness It signifies the judicious and fitting use of language elements such as words, phrases, and expressions in accordance with the context and subject matter. The concept of Aucitya is closely tied to the broader aesthetic principles of Rasa and Bhava. Aucitya is seen as contributing to the overall aesthetic experience by ensuring that the expression is in harmony with the emotional content and mood of the work.
Example :
- કંપનીમાં સ્ત્રીઓ અને પુરુષો સમાન વપરાશકારક અને ઉચિત સન્માનથી સાથે કામ કરે છે.
- વૃદ્ધ અને અંગભંગની સમાન હકોની રક્ષા માટે સામાજિક સંગઠનો કાર્યરત છે.
Thank you
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