Trends and Movements

 

            Trends And Movements

  "  The general course or prevailing tendency."

   Based upon these individual definitions, one can combine the two to create a general definition for the term literary trends. Therefore, a literary trend is something by which an author adheres to (in regards to form, ideologies, themes, and expressions) which mirrors the general course (or prevailing idea) of the time period in which they are writing.

 

   Literary movements are a way to divide literature into categories of similar philosophical, topical, or aesthetic features, as opposed to divisions by genre or period. Like other categorizations, literary movements provide language for comparing and discussing literary works.

 Notes

  Expressionism 

    

       

     Expressionism is a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Northern Europe around the beginning of the 20th century. Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it radically for emotional effect in order to evoke moods or ideas. Expressionist artists have sought to express the meaning of emotional experience rather than physical reality.

    Expressionism, properly speaking, is a modernist art movement that originated in Germany before World War I. Its main objective was to represent reality from a personal perspective, subjecting it to radical distortions for “expressive” effect in order to evoke emotional states or ideas.

    Expressionist art often features distorted and exaggerated forms, bold colors, angular shapes, and a sense of unease or tension. It aimed to evoke strong emotional responses from the viewer. Expressionist artists often depicted scenes of urban life, social injustice, psychological turmoil, and the human condition in general. They were interested in exploring themes of alienation, isolation, and inner conflict. Some of the key figures associated with Expressionism include painters like Edvard Munch, Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Wassily Kandinsky, Egon Schiele, and Emil Nolde. In literature, writers such as Franz Kafka and Georg Heym explored expressionist themes in their works.

   

    The term is sometimes suggestive of angst. In a historical sense, much older painters such as Matthias Grünewald and El Greco are sometimes termed expressionist, though the term is applied mainly to 20th-century works. The Expressionist emphasis on individual and subjective perspective has been characterized as a reaction to positivism and other artistic styles such as Naturalism and Impressionism.

Surrealism 

       

          

      Surrealism is an art and cultural movement that developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I in which artists aimed to allow the unconscious mind to express itself, often resulting in the depiction of illogical or dreamlike scenes and ideas.Its intention was, according to leader André Breton, to "resolve the previously contradictory conditions of dream and reality into an absolute reality, a super-reality", or surreality. It produced works of painting, writing, theatre, filmmaking, photography, and other media as well.

     

    Dreamlike imagery: Surrealist artworks often feature bizarre, dreamlike scenes that defy logic and reality.Automatism: Surrealist artists sometimes employed techniques such as automatic writing or drawing, allowing the subconscious mind to guide their creative process.Juxtaposition: Surrealist works often juxtapose unrelated objects or ideas, creating unexpected and sometimes unsettling combinations.Symbolism: Surrealist art frequently incorporates symbolic imagery drawn from the unconscious mind, mythology, or the artist's personal experiences.Subversion of reality: Surrealist artists aimed to challenge conventional notions of reality and provoke viewers to question their perceptions.

     The term "Surrealism" originated with Guillaume Apollinaire in 1917. However, the Surrealist movement was not officially established until after October 1924, when the Surrealist Manifesto published by French poet and critic André Breton succeeded in claiming the term for his group over a rival faction led by Yvan Goll, who had published his own surrealist manifesto two weeks prior.The most important center of the movement was Paris, France. From the 1920s onward, the movement spread around the globe, impacting the visual arts, literature, film, and music of many countries and languages, as well as political thought and practice, philosophy, and social theory.

Dada Movement

    

    Dadaism was an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century, with early centres in Zürich, Switzerland, at the Cabaret Voltaire , founded by Hugo Ball with his companion Emmy Hennings, and in Berlin in 1917. New York Dada began c. 1915,and after 1920 Dada flourished in Paris. Dadaist activities lasted until the mid 1920s.

   Developed in reaction to World War I, the Dada movement consisted of artists who rejected the logic, reason, and aestheticism of modern capitalist society, instead expressing nonsense, irrationality, and anti-bourgeois protest in their works.The art of the movement began primarily as performance art, but eventually spanned visual, literary, and sound media, including collage, sound poetry, cut-up writing, and sculpture. Dadaist artists expressed their discontent toward violence, war, and nationalism and maintained political affinities with radical politics on the left-wing and far-left politics.

    Dada was an informal international movement, with participants in Europe and North America. The beginnings of Dada correspond with the outbreak of World War I. For many participants, the movement was a protest against the bourgeois nationalist and colonialist interests, which many Dadaists believed were the root cause of the war, and against the cultural and intellectual conformity in art and more broadly in society that corresponded to the war.

    Many Dadaists believed that the 'reason' and 'logic' of bourgeois capitalist society had led people into war. They expressed their rejection of that ideology in artistic expression that appeared to reject logic and embrace chaos and irrationality. For example, George Grosz later recalled that his Dadaist art was intended as a protest "against this world of mutual destruction".

    The creations of Duchamp, Picabia, Man Ray, and others between 1915 and 1917 eluded the term Dada at the time, and "New York Dada" came to be seen as a post facto invention of Duchamp. At the outset of the 1920s the term Dada flourished in Europe with the help of Duchamp and Picabia, who had both returned from New York.

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